COMPETITOR: Jurnal Pendidikan Kepelatihan Olahraga
Pendidikan Kepelatihan Olahraga FIK Universitas Negeri Makassar
The Effectiveness of Traditional Tug of War Game in Improving Arm Muscle Strength of Elementary School Students at SD Telkom Makassar
This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of the traditional tug of war game in improving arm muscle strength among elementary school students at SD Telkom Makassar. A quasi-experimental research design with pretest-posttest control group was employed, involving 60 students divided into experimental and control groups of 30 students each. The experimental group participated in tug of war activities twice weekly for eight weeks, while the control group engaged in conventional physical education exercises. Arm muscle strength was measured using a hand dynamometer before and after the intervention period. The results demonstrated that the experimental group showed a significant increase in arm muscle strength with a mean difference of 8.73 kg (p < 0.001), while the control group exhibited a minimal improvement of 1.54 kg. The effect size analysis revealed a large Cohen's d value of 1.24, indicating substantial practical significance. These findings suggest that traditional tug of war games are an effective and engaging approach to enhance arm muscle strength in elementary school children, offering an alternative method to conventional physical education programs.[ The study concludes that integration of traditional games into school physical education curriculum can provide both physical benefits and cultural preservation.
Traditional Tug; Game; Arm Muscle Strength; Students
Copyright (c) 2025 Awaluddin Bahar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Active Lifestyle and Nutritional Habits of Pencak Silat Athletes: A Review
An active lifestyle and nutritional habits are fundamental components in supporting the performance of Pencak Silat athletes, a highly physically demanding martial art. This study aimed to conduct a literature review of 18 studies published between 2015 and 2024 to map the relationship between nutritional intake, body composition, hydration, physical activity, and other lifestyle factors on athlete performance. The research method used a literature review design with data search through the Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and Garuda databases. The analysis results showed that most athletes still experience energy deficits and imbalances in macronutrient intake, while nutritional knowledge is relatively low. Body composition, especially muscle mass and fat percentage, plays a crucial role in determining strength, speed, and technical skills. Hydration status is also a critical issue, as rapid weight loss practices (weight cutting) cause dehydration and decrease cognitive function and performance. Furthermore, lifestyle factors such as sleep quality, recovery, and unsupervised supplement use also affect training adaptability. This study concluded that a holistic approach is needed in developing Pencak Silat athletes, including nutrition education, hydration management, nutritional periodization, and regular body composition monitoring. Further research using longitudinal and interventional designs is recommended to strengthen the evidence for causality and generate more applicable nutritional guidelines.
Pencak Silat; Sports Nutrition; Body Composition; Athlete Hydration Active Lifestyle.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nukhrawi Nawir (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Integrating Karate into Physical Education Programs: Curriculum Management, Safety, and Inclusivity
This study aims to examine the potential for integrating karate into Physical Education programs through a systematic review of 10 studies published between 2015 and 2024. The study was conducted to understand how karate can support curriculum management, training safety, and inclusive education in schools. The methods used were a literature review with a PRISMA-based selection process, thematic analysis, and narrative synthesis to identify patterns of findings across various research contexts. The results indicate that karate contributes significantly to improving physical fitness, basic motor skills, and character development in students, including discipline, self-control, and mental resilience. Karate is also considered capable of supporting inclusive education when delivered with modifications in technique and intensity to suit student needs. However, the implementation of karate in Physical Education faces several obstacles, such as a lack of skilled instructors, limited facilities, and inadequate attention to safety aspects. Overall, these findings confirm that karate has high pedagogical value and is worthy of integration into the Physical Education curriculum. However, such integration must be accompanied by systematic curriculum development, teacher training, the provision of safe facilities, and ongoing evaluation to optimally achieve learning objectives. This study provides a conceptual and practical basis for schools and policy makers to design effective and safe karate implementation in formal education contexts.
Karate; Physical Education; Curriculum; Training Safety; Inclusivity.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sudirman (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Managing a School Table Tennis Club: Structure, Coach Role, and Parental Involvement
This study aims to analyze and synthesize scientific findings related to the management of school table tennis clubs, focusing on three main components: the club's organizational structure, the role of the coach, and parental involvement. This study employed a literature review design, examining 15 articles published between 2015 and 2024 that were relevant to the context of school sports development. The analysis revealed that a clear and documented organizational structure is the primary foundation for creating an effective and sustainable training program. The role of the coach emerged as the most influential variable, requiring coaches to master not only the technical aspects of the game but also pedagogical skills, interpersonal communication skills, and the provision of constructive feedback. Other findings revealed that parental involvement significantly contributes to student motivation, commitment to training, and retention in club activities. Adaptive parental support has been shown to strengthen students' emotional connection to the sport and increase participation in extracurricular activities. This study emphasizes the importance of integrating these three components in establishing a holistic and effective coaching ecosystem. In conclusion, managing school table tennis clubs requires a collaborative management model based on the school, coach, and parent as a strategy to improve the quality of sports development in formal educational settings.
School Table Tennis; Sports Club Management; The Role of Coaches; Parental Involvement; Student Sports Coaching
Copyright (c) 2025 Nurliati Syamsuddin (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Tennis Court Facility Management: Maintenance, Utilization, and Safety
This study aims to conduct a comprehensive literature review on tennis court facility management, focusing on three main aspects: maintenance, utilization, and user safety. Through a literature review, 20 articles published between 2015 and 2025 were analyzed using the PRISMA approach to examine the quality of court physical maintenance, facility utilization optimization, and injury risk mitigation practices. The study results indicate that surface maintenance, including routine cleaning, crack repair, and improved drainage, is a key factor in maintaining court durability. Regarding utilization, systematic scheduling and regulating usage intensity can reduce wear and tear and improve facility efficiency. Meanwhile, user safety is significantly affected by surface conditions, lighting, and court level, with most injuries associated with slippery or uneven surfaces. The study also found that key challenges in facility management include budget constraints, a lack of trained personnel, and inconsistent implementation of standard operating procedures (SOPs) across institutions. The use of modern technologies such as surface sensors, humidity monitoring devices, and digital-based facility management systems are key recommendations for improving maintenance effectiveness. The findings in this study are expected to provide theoretical and practical contributions for sports facility managers, especially tennis courts, in designing more efficient, safe and sustainable management strategies.
Tennis courts; Facility maintenance; Utilization; User safety; Facility management.
Copyright (c) 2025 Abradi Muhara (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Instructional Leadership of Physical Education Teachers: Healthy School Culture and Physical Activity
This study aims to analyze the relationship between Physical Education (PE) teacher instructional leadership, a healthy school culture, and student physical activity through a synthesis of 25 studies published between 2015 and 2024. This study used a literature review approach with thematic analysis to identify patterns, trends, and the strength of the relationships between variables. The analysis shows that PE teacher instructional leadership plays a central role in increasing student motivation and engagement in physical activity. 68% of studies reported consistent positive effects, with an average increase of 32% in student motivation and participation. Furthermore, a healthy school culture contributes significantly to increased physical activity, as demonstrated by 56% of studies reporting an increase of 15–35% (average 26%) in physical activity. The role of PE teachers as agents of change is also strongly evident, with 72% of studies citing teacher contributions of 30–60% (average 48%) in fostering active lifestyle habits in schools. Healthy school policies, such as daily physical activity programs and the provision of sports facilities, have been shown to increase student physical activity by 10–25%. This finding confirms that increasing student physical activity requires an integrative approach that combines instructional leadership, a healthy school culture, and policy support.
Instructional Leadership; Physical Education Teachers; Healthy School Culture; Physical Activity; Active Schools.
Copyright (c) 2025 Syahruddin, Muhammad Syahrul Saleh, Muh. Sahib Saleh (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Inter-School Volleyball Competition and Event Management System
This study aims to analyze the competition system and management of interschool volleyball events through a review of 21 studies published between 2015 and 2024. Data were analyzed thematically and descriptively to identify patterns, weaknesses, and recommendations related to organizing tournaments in school settings. The results showed that the most frequently occurring themes were event management (30%) and competition systems (24%). Of the 21 studies analyzed, 43% used a qualitative approach, 29% used quantitative descriptive methods, and the remainder were mixed methods and evaluation. The most dominant competition system was the round robin (48%), followed by the knockout system (33%). Evaluation of the quality of event implementation indicated that planning (58% rated as good) and organizing committees (52% rated as good) were the strongest aspects. However, documentation and evaluation remained low, reaching only 39% rated as good. The positive impacts of competition on students include increased motivation (86%), character development (71%), social interaction (71%), and self-confidence (57%), although the risk of fatigue was found in events with busy schedules. These findings emphasize the importance of systematic event management, selecting a fair competition format, and prioritizing participant health and safety. Research recommendations include strengthening the capacity of school committees, improving documentation systems, and adopting contextual competition models to support the sustainability of student sporting events.
Event Management; Competition System; Interschool Volleyball; Tournament Evaluation; Student Sports Development
Copyright (c) 2025 Sahabuddin, Muslim (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Agility and Eye–Foot Coordination as Predictors of Layup Performance in Beginner Basketball Players
This study examined the relationship between agility, eye–foot coordination, and layup performance among beginner basketball athletes. A quantitative correlational design was employed involving a sample of novice players selected through purposive sampling. Agility was measured using the Illinois Agility Test, eye–foot coordination was assessed through the Eye–Foot Coordination Test, and layup performance was evaluated using a standardized layup skill assessment. Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation and multiple regression to determine both individual and combined contributions of the variables. The findings revealed a significant positive relationship between agility and layup performance, indicating that athletes with higher agility demonstrated better control, balance, and directional movement during layup execution. Eye–foot coordination also showed a strong and significant correlation with layup performance, suggesting that perceptual–motor integration plays a critical role in timing, rhythm, and accuracy during the layup. Multiple regression results further indicated that both agility and eye–foot coordination collectively contributed significantly to layup performance, with coordination emerging as the stronger predictor. Overall, the study highlights the importance of developing foundational motor skills in beginner basketball athletes. Training programs should integrate agility drills and coordination-based activities to enhance movement efficiency and support the mastery of layup techniques. These findings contribute to the growing body of research on motor abilities and basketball skill performance, providing practical implications for coaches, trainers, and physical education practitioners
Agility; Eye-Foot Coordination; Lay Up Performance; Basketball; Beginner Athletes
Copyright (c) 2025 Awaluddin, M. Rachmat Kasmad, Ishak Bachtiar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Portrait of Student Physical Activity: A Descriptive Study on Indonesia
Physical activity is a key component of maintaining adolescent health, yet global monitoring indicates that more than 80% of adolescents fail to meet the World Health Organization (WHO) guideline of engaging in at least 60 minutes of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity each day. This issue is particularly concerning in Southeast Asia, including Indonesia, where only about 20–25% of adolescents achieve the recommended levels, with a declining trend observed in the post-pandemic period. This topic is important to investigate because adolescence is a critical stage for developing long-term healthy lifestyle habits, while physical inactivity increases the risk of obesity, cardiovascular diseases, and reduced physical fitness. This study aims to portray the physical activity patterns of students in Indonesia and contextualize the findings within national and regional frameworks by drawing comparisons with broader conditions in Indonesia. A descriptive qualitative approach with a literature review design was employed, analyzing school documents such as curricula and extracurricular activity programs, alongside national scientific and surveillance literature published between 2015 and 2025. A reflective thematic analysis was used to identify recurring patterns, barriers, and enabling factors. The findings indicate that limited sports facilities, the dominance of academic and religious curricula, and socio-cultural norms serve as major barriers to students’ physical activity. On the other hand, support from physical education teachers, community engagement, and family involvement were identified as key facilitators. The study concludes that innovative school- and community-based strategies are essential to increase student participation in physical activity in schools with limited resources, while providing relevant comparative insights for Indonesia and other countries in Southeast Asia
Physical Activity; Students; High School; Descriptive Study.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ahmad Muchlisin Natas Pasaribu, Satri Dwi Kurnia Nasution (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Role of Physical Education in Mitigating the Risk of Obesity in School Children: A Meta-Analytic Review
Childhood obesity has emerged as a critical public health concern worldwide, with schools increasingly recognized as strategic environments for preventive interventions. This meta-analytic review examines the role of physical education (PE) in mitigating obesity risk among school-aged children by synthesizing evidence from 20 national and international studies published between 2015 and 2025. Data were drawn from multiple scholarly databases, including Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar, DOAJ, Sinta, and Garuda. A structured search strategy and PRISMA-guided selection process yielded 20 eligible studies, 12 of which provided sufficient data for effect size calculations. The findings reveal that PE contributes significantly to improving key health outcomes, including reductions in body mass index (BMI) and body fat percentage, moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) gains, and notable improvements in cardiorespiratory fitness. Behavioral and psychological indicators—such as motivation, self-efficacy, and physical literacy—also improved, suggesting that PE influences both physiological and behavioral pathways associated with obesity risk. While effect sizes ranged from small to moderate, the consistency of positive outcomes across diverse intervention types highlights PE’s essential role in school-based health promotion. The review emphasizes that PE is most effective when implemented frequently, delivered by trained educators, and supported by engaging, student-centred pedagogies such as game-based learning and fitness-oriented instruction. These findings underscore the importance of prioritizing quality PE in educational policies and practices as a scalable, accessible, and sustainable strategy to combat childhood obesity and promote lifelong healthy behaviors.
Physical Education; Childhood Obesity; School-Based Intervention; Physical Activity; Meta-Analysis.
Copyright (c) 2025 Syahruddin, Muhammad Syahrul Saleh (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Literature Review on Tennis-Based Physical Education Learnin
This study is a literature review aimed at analyzing the effectiveness of tennis-based physical education learning in a school context. The literature search was conducted through the Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar, DOAJ, SINTA, and Garuda databases, spanning 2015–2025. A total of 70 articles were identified, 35 articles were screened through titles and abstracts, and 15 articles met the eligibility criteria for analysis using the PRISMA approach. Thematic analysis was used to group the findings based on motor skills, tactical understanding, learning motivation, equipment modifications, and curriculum relevance. The review results indicate that game-based learning models such as Teaching Games for Understanding (TGfU) and game-based learning consistently improve students' coordination skills, decision-making, physical engagement, and interest. Equipment modifications such as mini-tennis and foam balls have been shown to significantly facilitate the learning process, especially in schools with limited facilities. In general, tennis is an effective, flexible, and suitable sport for implementation in modern physical education learning. However, gaps were found in the lack of research in the Indonesian context and the minimal integration of technology in learning. This review recommends the need for experimental research and development of innovative tennis-based learning models to improve the effectiveness of physical education learning in schools.
Tennis; Physical Education; TGFU; Game-Based Learning; Sports Learning.
Copyright (c) 2025 Hikmad Hakim, Tri Angriawan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Analysis of Swimming Pool Facilities and Infrastructure Needs to Support Effective and Safe Physical Education Learning in Schools
This study aims to analyze the need for swimming pool facilities and infrastructure to support effective and safe Physical Education (Penjas) learning at Makassar State School 3. The research method uses a quantitative descriptive approach with survey, observation, and interview techniques, involving 20 respondents consisting of Penjas teachers, education staff, and students. The results of the study indicate that the overall level of adequacy of swimming pool facilities and infrastructure only reached 44%, which indicates inadequate conditions. The physical condition of the swimming pool is in the moderate category with a percentage of 66%, but the water quality and circulation system are still below standard. The availability of swimming learning facilities such as float boards, kickboards, and lane ropes is considered low with an average of only 52%, while safety facilities are in the most critical condition with adequacy of 18%, including the lack of lifeguards, safety signs, and emergency SOPs. Non-technical supporting facilities such as changing rooms, rinse rooms, and toilets are also at a moderate level of adequacy, namely 42%. These findings indicate that school swimming pool facilities and infrastructure do not support safe, effective, and sustainable swimming instruction. Therefore, strategic planning is needed to improve infrastructure, equip learning aids, and enhance safety systems to ensure optimal quality of physical education instruction.
Infrastructure; Swimming Pool; Swimming Safety; Physical Education; Needs Analysis.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ricardo Valentino Latuheru (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Experimental Study of the Effect of Problem-Based Learning Model in Basketball Learning on Students' Critical Thinking Skills
This study aims to analyze the effect of the Problem-Based Learning (PBL) model on students' critical thinking skills in basketball lessons at SMA Negeri 5 Makassar. The study used a quasi-experimental design with a pretest-posttest control group pattern involving 40 students, consisting of 20 in the experimental group and 20 in the control group. The instrument used was a critical thinking ability test based on the context of a basketball game. The results showed that the experimental group, who received PBL learning, experienced a significant increase in their critical thinking scores, from an average pretest score of 56.40 to 82.75 on the posttest, a difference of 26.35 points. Meanwhile, the control group, which received conventional learning, only experienced an increase from 55.85 to 68.10, a difference of 12.25 points. Paired sample t-test analysis showed significant improvement in both groups, but the experimental group's improvement was significantly greater (t = 12.85; p = 0.000) than the control group's (t = 6.14; p = 0.000). The independent sample t-test results showed a significant difference in critical thinking skills improvement between the experimental and control groups (t = 7.21; p = 0.000). The effect size value of 2.15 indicates that the influence of the PBL model is categorized as very large. Thus, this study confirms that the PBL model is an effective learning approach in improving students' critical thinking skills, especially in the context of sports learning based on problem-solving and tactical analysis of games.
Problem Based Learning; Critical Thinking Skills; Basketball; Physical Education Learning; Experiments.
Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Ishak (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Comparison of the Effectiveness of Discovery Learning and Problem-Based Learning Models in Volleyball-Based Physical Education Learning
This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of the Discovery Learning (DL) and Problem-Based Learning (PBL) models in improving basic volleyball technical skills in students at SMP Negeri 2 Makassar. The study used a quasi-experimental design with two treatment groups, each consisting of 20 students. The measurement instrument was a basic technical skills test covering underhand passing, overhand passing, and serving. Data analysis was conducted using paired sample t-tests, independent sample t-tests, and effect size calculations. The results showed that both learning models significantly improved basic volleyball technical skills (p < 0.05). In the Discovery Learning group, the average score increased from 14.85 in the pretest to 22.30 in the posttest, a difference of 7.45 points. Meanwhile, the PBL group experienced a greater improvement, from a pretest average of 15.10 to 25.15 in the posttest, a difference of 10.05 points. An intergroup comparison using an independent sample t-test yielded a p-value of 0.003, indicating a significant difference in improvement between the two learning models. The effect size also confirmed this result, with PBL having a stronger effect with d = 2.03 (very large), while DL achieved d = 1.56 (large). Overall, this study concluded that while both models were effective, Problem-Based Learning was superior in improving basic volleyball technical skills. These findings recommend the implementation of PBL as a relevant alternative learning model in physical education at the junior high school level.
Problem Based Learning; Discovery Learning; Basic Volleyball Techniques; Physical Education; Quasi-Experimental
Copyright (c) 2025 Sahabuddin, M. Imran Hasanuddin (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Effect of Heavy Bag Thrust And Battle Rope Exercise On Arm Muscle Power And Shot Put Results of Female Shot Put Athletes Dumpang Athletics Club 2025
This study aimed to evaluate the combined effects of heavy bag thrust and battle rope exercises on arm muscle strength and shot put performance in female athletes from the Dumpang Athletics Club. This is important because it could contribute to the advancement of science and technology in Indonesian sports, ultimately improving athlete performance. The approach used was an experimental design with a single-group pre-test and post-test. Eight athletes participated in six weeks of training sessions. Their performance was assessed before and after training to gauge the effectiveness of the intervention. The results showed a significant increase in arm muscle strength, as evidenced by the calculated t-value (11.729), which was greater than the t-value (1.895). The same increase was also seen in shot put performance, where the calculated t-value (11.336) was higher than the t-value (1.895), with both results at the 0.05 significance level. It can be concluded that the combination of heavy bag thrust and battle rope exercises significantly increased arm muscle strength and shot put performance in athletes. It is hoped that the results of this study will be a consideration for coaches and clubs in designing more effective training programs to improve athletes' basic abilities.
Heavy Bag Thrust; Battle Rope; Exercise ; Arm Muscle Power; Shot Put.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dion Manihuruk, David Siahaan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Effect of 400 M Interval Training on Increasing VO₂Max Endurance in Pencak Silat Athletes in South Sulawesi
This study aims to examine the effect of 400-meter interval training on improving VO₂Max endurance in Pencak Silat athletes in South Sulawesi. VO₂Max is a key indicator of aerobic capacity and plays a crucial role in sustaining high-intensity movements required in Pencak Silat performance. A total of 20 athletes participated in this study, using a pretest–posttest experimental design. VO₂Max measurements were conducted using the Beep Test to evaluate changes before and after the training intervention. The descriptive analysis showed an increase in the athletes’ VO₂Max from a pretest mean of 40.53 to a posttest mean of 45.21. The Shapiro–Wilk normality test indicated that both pretest and posttest data were normally distributed (p > 0.05). Furthermore, the paired sample t-test revealed a significant improvement in VO₂Max following the 400-meter interval training program (t = 94.50, p < 0.001). These results demonstrate that the interval training model effectively enhances the athletes’ aerobic capacity. In conclusion, the 400-meter interval training program has a significant positive impact on improving VO₂Max endurance in Pencak Silat athletes in South Sulawesi. The findings suggest that this training method can be recommended as an effective component of conditioning programs to enhance athlete performance in high-intensity combat sports.
400 M Interval; Training; VO₂Max; Endurance; Pencak Silat
Copyright (c) 2025 Muslim Bin Ilyas (Author); Andi Sahrul Jahrir (Translator) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Analysis of the Physical Fitness Profile of EF Phase Students of SMA Negeri 12 Makassar Based on the Indonesian Student Fitness Test (TKSI) Instrument
This study aims to analyze and describe the physical fitness profile of Phase EF students (SMA/SMK/MA) at SMA Negeri 12 Makassar using the national standard Indonesian Student Fitness Test Instrument (TKSI) Phase EF. TKSI Phase EF measures six fitness components: endurance (Beep Test), arm muscle strength (Dipping Test), leg muscle explosive power (Vertical Jump Test), agility (T Test and Hand Touch Reaction Test), and eye-hand coordination (Hand and Eye Coordination Test). The method used is direct observation and measurement of the subjects. The results of the study on 8 students of grade 11.8 showed that the overall fitness profile of the students was classified as Good. The components that showed superior results were agility (T-Test), eye-hand coordination, and reaction speed (Hand Touch Reaction Test), where 87.5% of students achieved the category "Good" or higher. The most prominent component as an area that needs improvement is explosive power (Vertical Jump Test), where the majority of students (62.5%) only achieved the category "Medium". There are differences in performance between boys and girls, with boys excelling in strength/explosive power tests, and girls competing in endurance and arm muscle strength tests. Integrating a plyometric training program to improve leg muscle explosiveness is recommended.
Physical Fitness; EF Phase; Students; Fitness Test Instrument.
Copyright (c) 2025 Andi Sahrul Jahrir (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Overview of Athlete Blood Profile and Fitness Level of Adolescent Basketball Athletes
This study aims to provide an overview of the blood profile and fitness levels of adolescent basketball athletes at Old School Makassar and to assess the relationship between these physiological parameters. The study used a cross-sectional design with a total sampling of athletes aged 13–16 years who actively participate in regular training. Blood profile examinations included measurements of hemoglobin levels and random blood sugar levels conducted before the fitness test. The fitness test included a 20-meter sprint and a multistage shuttle run used to calculate the estimated VO₂max as an indicator of aerobic capacity. The results showed that the average hemoglobin level of athletes was within the normal range, namely 14.17 g/dL, while the average random blood sugar was 94.8 mg/dL. The average VO₂max of 45.3 ml/kg/min indicates a good fitness category for the adolescent age group. Descriptive analysis showed a tendency that athletes with higher hemoglobin levels and stable blood sugar levels had better fitness performance, especially in VO₂max achievement and shuttle run results. These findings indicate that hematological and metabolic profiles play an important role in supporting the physical abilities of adolescent athletes. Regular monitoring of hemoglobin and random blood sugar can help coaches design more targeted training programs and identify potential risks of fatigue or metabolic imbalance. Overall, this study underscores the importance of comprehensive physiological evaluation as part of the performance coaching and fitness development of youth basketball athletes.
Copyright (c) 2025 Irvan, Nurul Ichsania (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Effect of The Problem-Based Learning (PBL) Method On Interest And Learning Outcomes Of Basic Ball Techniques With Facility Deficiency At Wiraguna Limbangan Junior High School
This study investigated the impact of Problem-Based Learning (PBL) on students' interest and learning outcomes in basic ball techniques at SMP Wiraguna Limbangan, despite facility deficiencies. Using a quasi-experimental design with static group comparisons, the study involved 30 students in grades VIII and IX selected through purposive sampling. Data were collected using an interest questionnaire and a learning outcome test, analyzed through descriptive statistics, normality test (Shapiro-Wilk), homogeneity test (Levene), and t-test. The results showed an average increase in interest scores of 3.16% (from 91.7 to 94.6), with significant increases in indicators such as interest in the material (4.48%) and active engagement (4.46%). Learning outcomes also improved significantly (Sig. = 0.000), demonstrating the effectiveness of PBL in encouraging critical thinking, collaboration, and creativity despite limited facilities.
Copyright (c) 2025 Rizkan, Z. Arifin, Azhar Ramadhana Sonjaya (Author); Alam Hadi Kosasih (Translator) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Student and Teacher Coefficients in Large Ball Learning Through the Jigsaw Model at SMPN 1 Leles
This study aims to analyze the effect of the Jigsaw learning model on the correlation coefficient between students and teachers in teaching large ball games at SMPN 1 Leles. The method used is a quantitative method with a descriptive approach and a One Group Pretest–Posttest Design. The research sample consisted of 83 eighth-grade students obtained through purposive sampling based on the Slovin formula. The research instrument was a Likert scale questionnaire with 46 statements covering four aspects of assessment, namely cognitive, affective, psychomotor, and interaction. The questionnaire was administered at the pretest and posttest stages. The treatment was carried out through the application of the Jigsaw learning model during nine meetings on the subjects of basketball, volleyball, and soccer. Data analysis included descriptive analysis, Kolmogorov–Smirnov normality test, Levene's homogeneity test, and paired t-test. The results showed an increase in scores from the pretest to the posttest with an average difference of 8.597 and a significance value of 0.000 (p < 0.05), indicating a significant difference after the Jigsaw model was applied. Normality and homogeneity tests also showed that the data were normally distributed and had homogeneous variance. Overall, this study concluded that the Jigsaw learning model had a significant effect on increasing the correlation coefficient between students and teachers. This model was able to create a more active, collaborative, and communicative learning atmosphere, thereby supporting the improvement of the effectiveness of large ball game learning.
Student; Teacher ; Large Ball; Learning Jigsaw. Model.
Copyright (c) 2025 Muhamad Iqbal, Azhar Ramadhana Sonjaya, Alam Hadi Kosasih (Author); Z. Arifin (Translator) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Analysis of Flexibility and Balance on Acceleration of Racehorse Jockeys in Jeneponto Regency
This study aims to analyze the relationship between jockeys' physical conditions, namely flexibility and balance, to the acceleration of racehorse jockeys in Jeneponto Regency. The method used is Ex Post Facto with a Descriptive Correlational Path Analysis approach. The study population includes all racehorse jockeys in Jeneponto Regency, with a sample of 30 jockeys taken using the total sampling method. The research instruments consist of a flexibility test, a dynamic balance test, and a track travel time test to measure acceleration. Data were analyzed through correlation tests and path analysis. The results of the analysis show: (1) There is a significant relationship between jockeys' flexibility and acceleration (r = 0.714), which explains 71.4% of the variance in acceleration. (2) Balance also shows a significant relationship with acceleration (r = 0.751), explaining 75.1% of the variance in acceleration. (3) Simultaneously, flexibility and balance have a significant relationship (r = 0.754), with R² = 0.568, meaning that 56.8% of jockey acceleration can be explained by these two variables. The conclusion is that 56.8% of a racehorse jockey's acceleration is explained by the contribution of flexibility and balance. Physical conditions in the form of flexibility and balance are dominant and important factors that support each other in determining a jockey's ability to produce optimal acceleration on a racehorse.
Flexibility; balance; Acceleration; Jockey; Racehorse.
Copyright (c) 2025 M. Resky, Muh. Adnan Hudain, Wahyudin Wahyudin, Andi Ihsan, Benny Badaru (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Analysis of Injury Patterns in Pencak Silat Athletes of Pusaka Kencana Karawang Academy
Sports injuries are a common problem faced by Pencak Silat athletes, especially if the training program is poorly structured and prevention measures are minimal. Injury prevention is crucial for maintaining performance and reducing the physical decline of athletes. This study aimed to describe the level of knowledge, prevention practices, and injury patterns among Pencak Silat athletes of the Pusaka Kencana Karawang Academy.The study utilized a descriptive cross-sectional survey design with 30 active athletes as samples. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire covering demographics, injury history, prevention practices, and knowledge of injury prevention. Validity was tested by experts, and reliability was tested using Cronbach's alpha. Data analysis was conducted descriptively and using the Chi-square test with a significance level of p<0.05.The results showed that 76.7% of the athletes experienced injuries in the last year, primarily in the ankles (33.3%) and knees (26.7%). The level of knowledge was in the moderate category (63.4 pm 12.1), and prevention practices were good in 60% of the athletes. There was a significant relationship between knowledge and injury prevention practices (p=0.032).This study concludes that although the athletes' knowledge of injury prevention is reasonably good, the incidence of injury remains high. Therefore, continuous education and more structured training programs are necessary to reduce the risk of injury.
Pencak Silat Sport Injury Injury Prevention Athlete
Copyright (c) 2025 Naufal Juhan Daiva, Muhammad Fikri Hanif, Moh. Muhaemin Yusup, M. Arief Setiawan, Miftahudin Sigit (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Effects of Walking Lunges and Adductor Stretching on the Flexibility of Volleyball-Specialization Students at Universitas Negeri Makassar
This study aims to determine the effects of walking lunges and adductor stretching on the flexibility of Volleyball-Specialization students in the Sports Coaching Education Program, Faculty of Sports and Health Sciences, Universitas Negeri Makassar. The research employed an experimental method using a group pretest-posttest design. The sample consisted of 40 male students, divided into two treatment groups. The study was conducted at the Sports Campus of FIKK UNM. Flexibility measurements were taken before and after the intervention. The results indicate a significant effect of walking lunges training on improving flexibility, as shown by a t-value of 15.742 (p < 0.05). Adductor stretching also demonstrated a significant effect with a t-value of 10.767 (p < 0.05). Furthermore, comparative testing revealed a significant difference in the effects of the two training methods on flexibility, indicated by a t-value of 2.554 (p < 0.05). These findings suggest that both walking lunges and adductor stretching are effective in enhancing flexibility among Volleyball-Specialization students, with each exercise contributing differently to flexibility improvement.
Walking Lunges Adductor Stretching Flexibility, Volleyball, Physical Training.
Copyright (c) 2025 Muslim (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Comparison of Students' Interest In Football at SMPN 4 Sungguminasa And SMPN 1 Palangga, Gowa Regency
This study aims to analyze students' interest in football at SMPN 4 Sungguminasa and SMPN 1 Pallangga, Gowa Regency, and compare the differences in interest between the two schools. The research method used is quantitative descriptive with t-test data analysis techniques. The research sample consisted of 60 students divided into 30 students in each randomly selected school. The results of the descriptive analysis show that the average student interest in SMPN 4 Sungguminasa is 81.92 with a standard deviation of 4,636, while in SMPN 1 Pallangga, the average student interest is higher, namely 83.68 with a standard deviation of 4,250. The comparative test showed that there was a significant difference between the interest of students in the two schools, where the t_hitung score was greater than t_tabel at a significance level of 0.05. The results of this study indicate that students at SMPN 1 Pallangga have a higher interest in football than students at SMPN 4 Sungguminasa. Factors that affect this difference may include sports facilities, physical education teachers' teaching methods, and extracurricular support in each school. This research is in line with previous findings that highlight the importance of school environment and learning approaches in increasing students' interest in sports. The implication of this study is the need to develop more inclusive and innovative sports programs in both schools to optimally support student interests.
Interest; Students; Football; Sports Coaching; Sports Participation
Copyright (c) 2025 Rusli, Muhammad Kamal, Abimayu Asbur, Muh. Adnan Hudain, Suriah Hanafi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Physical Activity Profile of First-Year Psychology Students at Universitas Negeri Makassar (Cohort 2025)
This study aims to describe the physical activity levels of first-year students in the Faculty of Psychology at Universitas Negeri Makassar (UNM) and examine gender-based differences using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire–Short Form (IPAQ-SF). Employing a quantitative descriptive design, the study involved 102 students who completed an online survey via Google Form. Data processing followed the official IPAQ scoring protocol, including MET-min/week calculations, physical activity categorization, and standardized data-cleaning procedures to ensure accuracy of self-report responses. The results indicate that most students fall into the low activity and “don’t know/not sure” categories, suggesting limited physical activity literacy during the early transition to university life. Only a small proportion of students reported moderate or high activity levels. Gender analysis revealed that female students were more likely to exhibit low activity compared to male students. These findings underscore the need for health-promotion policies, gender-sensitive activity programs, and sport psychology–based interventions to support both physical and mental well-being. Future research is encouraged to adopt longitudinal designs and objective measurement tools to enhance validity. This article includes empirical findings, two tables, and one standardized instrument (IPAQ-SF).
Copyright (c) 2025 Siti Nur'ainun Zakiyah (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Analysis of Stress Levels and Musculoskeletal Complaints in Pencak Silat Athletes
Stress is a non-specific response of the body to the demands that arise, which can be physiological and psychological reactions. Stress is a form of perception experienced by a person due to the gap between individual abilities and environmental demands that they experience. Psychological stress and high physical demands in training and competition are interrelated and often become factors that influence the performance and risk of musculoskeletal disorders in athletes. The musculoskeletal system consists of bones, joints, muscles, tendons, ligaments, and other supporting structures. The purpose of this study was to determine the level of stress and musculoskeletal complaints experienced by pencak silat athletes. This study used a cross-sectional method to describe the level of stress and musculoskeletal complaints in pencak silat athletes. Stress levels were measured using the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) while musculoskeletal disorders were assessed using the Nordic Body Map. The research data showed that 75% of athletes experienced stress in the moderate category, while 25% were in the mild stress category. The results also revealed that 75% of athletes did not experience musculoskeletal complaints, while 25% needed attention in the future. Comprehensive monitoring of the physical and psychological condition of athletes is an important step for coaches and support teams to maintain consistent performance, prevent injuries, and ensure optimal athlete readiness.
Copyright (c) 2025 Rusli, Ruslan, Harvina Mukrim, Andi Sri Dewi Anggraeni M. (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
SOCIAL DYNAMICS OF GENDER VIEWS IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION IN THE SCHOOL ENVIRONMENT
This study aims to analyze the social dynamics of gender within physical education activities, focusing on forms of resistance and identity negotiation in the school environment. Physical education not only plays a role in developing students’ physical fitness but also serves as a social space where gender values, roles, and power relations are reproduced and negotiated. This research employed a qualitative approach using semi-structured interviews with several teachers at UPT SPF SDI Pannampu 1 as participants. The findings reveal that physical education practices in schools are not entirely gender-neutral. Physical activities are still dominated by male students who are perceived as strong, active, and competitive, while female students tend to be directed toward activities considered soft or less challenging. These gender biases and stereotypes are reflected in the distribution of activities, social roles, and teaching practices of physical education teachers. However, the study also identified forms of resistance and identity negotiation, where some female students challenged traditional boundaries by participating in activities typically viewed as masculine. Teachers likewise began to develop critical awareness of the importance of creating an inclusive and equitable learning environment for all students. Therefore, physical education can be understood as a dynamic social arena where gender dominance and resistance coexist. The study highlights the need for implementing reflective and gender-sensitive pedagogical strategies to promote equality and inclusivity in school-based physical education.
Social Dynamics; Gender; Views; Physical Education; School Environment.
Copyright (c) 2025 Alif Afil Hasbullah, Nurhikmah Azrah, Muh. Adnan Hudain, Alimin Alwi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Load Management Strategy as an Effort to Prevent Overuse Injuries in Athletes of the Redjay Bekasi Basketball Club
Overuse injuries are one of the most common problems in competitive sports, particularly in basketball, which is characterized by repetitive and intense movements. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of load management strategies in preventing overuse injuries in athletes from the Redjay Bekasi Basketball Club. The research method used was quantitative with an observational analytical design and a correlational study approach. Internal loads were monitored using the session-RPE (s-RPE) method for six weeks, while overuse injury incidence was recorded through weekly injury surveillance. Spearman correlation analysis and logistic regression were used to examine the relationship between training load and injury risk. The results showed that weekly load spikes of more than 15–30% were significantly associated with an increased incidence of overuse injuries in the following week. Conversely, stable chronic loads appeared to have a protective effect against injury. These findings support the importance of structured load management as an injury prevention strategy. This study was limited by its sample size and relatively short monitoring duration. Further research is recommended to include external load monitoring and a longer observation period.
Load Management; Overuse Injury; s-RPE; Basketball; Workload.
Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Hilali Lazuardi, Nikel Ramadhan, Muhammad Rasyid Ridha, M. Arief Setiawan, Miftahudin Sigit (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Relationship Between Burnout Level and Mental Toughness in Basketball Athletes PORPROV Sinjai
This study aims to analyze the relationship between burnout and mental toughness in basketball athletes participating in the Sinjai Regency Provincial Sports Week. Burnout is understood as a condition of prolonged physical and emotional exhaustion due to the pressure of training and competition, while mental toughness is the psychological capacity to persevere, focus, and bounce back in the face of sporting challenges. This study uses a quantitative approach with a correlational design. The sample consisted of 33 athletes, including 15 males and 18 females. The instruments used included standardized burnout and mental toughness questionnaires. Data analysis employed Pearson's correlation. The results indicated a significant negative correlation between burnout and mental toughness (r = -0.462, p < 0.05). The average burnout score among athletes was in the moderate category (M = 2.87), while the mental toughness score was in the fairly high category (M = 3.64). These findings indicate that the higher an athlete's mental toughness, the lower their burnout level, and vice versa. The results of this study support the theory that mental toughness acts as a protective factor in coping with competitive pressure. However, this study has limitations in terms of the relatively small sample size and the limited context of one sport and one region. The practical implication of this study is the need for psychological training programs based on improving mental toughness as a preventive measure against burnout in young athletes.
Burnout Level; Mental Toughness; Basketball; Athletes; PORPROV Sinjai
Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Ivan Miftahul Aziz, Andi Febi Irawati (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Implementation of the Team Games Tournament Learning Model to Improve Basketball Learning Outcomes in Class V Students of SDN Mattoangin II Makassar
This study aims to describe the application of the Team Games Tournament learning model to improve basketball learning outcomes with the theme of locomotor, non-locomotor and manipulative movements in basketball games for fifth-grade students of SDN Mattoangin II Makassar. This study uses a quantitative descriptive analysis approach, namely classroom action research (CAR) which is carried out in two cycles. Each cycle includes planning, implementation, observation and reflection. The subjects of this study were 20 fifth-grade students of SDN Mattoangin II Makassar. The focus of this study is the application of the Team Games Tournament learning model to improve basketball learning outcomes with the theme of locomotor, non-locomotor and manipulative movements. Data collection techniques used in this study are observation, testing and documentation. Data analysis techniques in this study use quantitative analysis. The results of the study show a significant increase in student learning outcomes at SDN Mattoangin II Makassar in the Physical Education subject of the combination of locomotor, non-locomotor and manipulative movements in basketball games with the application of the Team Games Tournament learning model. In the pre-cycle, student learning completeness only reached 35%. After the action in cycle I, the completion rate increased to 75%. In cycle 2, the student's learning completion rate reached 100%. This shows that the action taken has been effective in improving student learning outcomes.
Implementation; Learning Model; Team Games Tournament; Learning Outcomes; Basketball.
Copyright (c) 2025 Muh. Fitrah Fahreza, Nukhrawi Nawir, Muh. Adnan Hudain, Ians Aprilo, Juhanis (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0